2016职称英语考试理工类阅读理解题目特点及考情分析

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　　为帮助参加2016年职称英语考试的考生复习备考，小编为大家总结了职称英语考试理工类各种题型的题目特点分析以及相应题型的考情分析，今天我们要讲述的是阅读理解题目的特点及其考情分析。

2016职称英语考试理工类阅读理解题目特点及考情分析

　　题目特点

　　阅读理解是职称英语考试的第四大题，共有15道小题，总计45分。本部分共有3篇文章，每篇300——450词，每篇文章对应5个题，要求考生根据文章内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案。本部分是试卷中分值比重最大的题型。由此可见，想要通过全国专业技术职称英语考试，必须掌握基本阅读技能，努力提高阅读理解能力。

　　全国职称英语考试大纲就阅读理解的考核目标规定如下：

　　·掌握所读材料的主旨大意;

　　●了解阐述主旨的事实和细节;

　　·利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义;

　　·既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文各句之间的意义关联;

　　·根据所读材料进行判断和推论;

　　●领会作者的观点、态度和意图。

　　根据大纲的考核要求，该部分阅读理解的题型主要包括主旨题、细节题、态度题、词汇题、推断题、判断题等。考生在备考时就必须熟悉相应的考试题型并总结出行之有效的解题方法。尽管职称英语考试允许查阅词典，但鉴于阅读量较大、题目数量较多、题型多样，加之在职考生对英语的熟悉程度远不及在校全职学生，故提高解题的速度和精确度相当重要。

　　考点分析

　　从考试分析可以看出：

　　1.五大阅读理解题型中，考查最多的是细节题，其中包括3道左右依据原文进行对错判断的判断题(true or not true)，所以考生在备考时要注意掌握细节类阅读理解题目的解题技巧。

　　2.五大阅读理解题型中，2010——2013年主旨题、推理题和词汇题都略有涉及，考生在备考时也要注意这几类阅读理解题目的解题技巧。2014年推理题型有上升趋势，这个信号提示，考生在备考阅读理解时，要加强推理题的强化练习。

　　3.五大阅读理解题型中，态度题的考查比较少。

　　技巧点拨

　　1.阅读题解题流程图

　　2.定位原句的方法

　　1)利用题干关键词在原文中定位相关句子

　　*利用数字信息定位：题干中的时间、价格、比例等数字信息都是很好的定位信息，因为数字在文中十分明显，容易寻找。

　　*利用人名、地名和机构名称定位：人名、地名和机构名称等一般都是以大写字母开头，它们在文中比较突出，容易定位。

　　木利用生词及专有名词定位：题干中的生词有时是一些专业术语或专门含义的特殊表达，大都也是以大写字母开头，这些一般都是照搬原文信息，有利于定位。

　　*利用题干中的核心词定位：如果没有上述的明显词汇，就要利用题干中的核心词汇(如动词、名词、形容词、副词等)以及短语来定位。

　　2)利用选项关键词在原文中定位相关句子

　　有时候题干中没有关键词，特别是判断类的题目，如which ofth following is true/not true?

　　或者which of the following…except __________ 。这类题目利用选项关键词未定位反而更容易，从而迅速地判断出选项的对错与否。

　　3)利用题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则定位

　　阅读理解的出题顺序和原文的顺序基本一致，即第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。换句话讲，靠前的题在靠文章前面的段落寻找答案。这个规律有助于考生确定题干所对应的句子在文中的位置。

　　(四)注意事项

　　1.阅读测试的四个认识

　　·对单词的认识。单词是构成篇章的基础，考生必须先解决“识字”问题，积累相当的词汇量，打好基础，才能正确理解文章内容;

　　●对句子的认识。句子是地基和大厦之间的桥梁，只有正确理解句子的含义、理解句与句之间的关系，才能把握重点信息，从而不与作者的观点发生理解上的偏差;

　　·对篇章的认识。职称英语考试阅读部分强调对文章语篇层次的理解，要求考生不仅要定位文章的主要信息，而且要不局限于对单词和句子的字面意思的理解，还要对上下文的中心词以及段落话题有正确的理解。只有理解这些宏观信息，才能把握文章的整体行文思路，忽略无效信息。职称英语考试不乏推理题和主旨题之类的宏观题型。这些题的正确答案都跟文章的中心和段落的话题有直接或间接的关系，因此找准中心词会使应试事半功倍。中心词得以确立后，剩下的细节和事例起的只是支持作用;

　　●对应试的认识。不要盲目做题，一味追求习题量。要学会总结和反思，对失误的原因细心分析，留意自己常常出错的题型，确定自己捕捉信息能力方面的欠缺，留意那些具有普遍性的问题，发现和把握规律，做到举一反三。

　　2.阅读测试的两大禁忌

　　为了能攻克阅读测试这一分值比重较大的题型，考生在真正进入强化练习之前应该先了解做题时要避免的问题：

　　●要避免主次不分，通篇全读。职称英语考试阅读测试中一篇文章大都在400词左右，而答题时间有限，如果通篇全读，就会忽略主要信息，导致做题时间不够，且答题准确度不高;

　　·避免用自己的背景知识答题。有的考生(尤其是理工科)认为自己在某一领域里是专家，做题时不自觉地从自己的角度审视问题，抛开原文，殊不知作者的立场可能与其相差甚远。

　　下面我们来看具体考点的解题方法：

　　考点一：主旨题

　　主旨题是对主题思想提问，是阅读理解的必考题。

　　常见主旨大意提问的方式有：

　　●The main idea of this section is __________ .

　　The best title for this passage might be __________.

　　The main idea of this article is__________.

　　Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

　　The last paragraph is mainly about __________.

　　The major point discussed in the paragraph is __________.

　　What is the passage mainly about?

　　The subject matter of this selection is __________.

　　What can you conclude from the passage?

　　如何抓文章或段落的主旨大意呢?

　　*最重要的手段还是精读文章的首段和末段，以及每段的首句。例如：

　　More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.

　　It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.

　　Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.

　　For example, a certain keypunch (键盘打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transaction. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off ( 向……透露) the company that was being robbed.

　　Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail,

　　computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often,their demands have been met.

　　Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled ( 耍弄 ) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.

　　在文章第一段最后一句、第二段最后一句都反复提到了计算机犯罪分子不受惩罚，文章第六段又分析了这种现象的种种原因。故全文核心内容谈的是计算机犯罪分子作案后不受惩罚。*首段、末段没有明确的主题句时，全篇重复的中心词或每一段中重复的主题词即为中心大意。例如：

　　The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned$7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid.

　　In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.

　　What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity--that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.

　　The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.

　　The relationship between productivity and living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.

　　全文没有主题段，但从每段主题句(画线句子)中重复的单词productivity和living

　　standards可以看出，该主旨题的答案中应该同时包含这两个主题词，

　　*没有主题句，也少有重复的词，需要通过总结全文、并读透字里行间之义来确定。

　　A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long,the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her rout on schedule.

　　本段没有主题句。读者只能通过通读全文来归纳出隐含主题：Driving a bus is hard work.

　　考点二：细节题

　　职称英语考试阅读理解部分对文章细节信息的考查占总分比重最大，约占60%。对细节题的考查包括事实信息题和逻辑关系细节题。解答前者的关键是准确定位，而后者除了准确定位之外，还需要把握文章句与句之间、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

　　常见的考查逻辑关系的提问方式为：

　　...because__________ ;

　　...includes __________;

　　...except__________ ;

　　which of the following.., true/not true?

　　Who/When/Where/Why/How/What...?

　　为了考查考生是否真正掌握了文章的行文规律和布局特色，阅读测试常常会在有一定逻辑关系的地方(词与词之间、句与句之间、段与段之间)设置考题，考查细节，需要考生从题目回到原文，找到相关信息点，并通过表示逻辑关系的连词判断哪个选项是真正符合原文关系的信息再现。

　　英语衔接手段有很多种，比如：指示(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)、词汇衔接(1exical cohesion)等。一般来说，句与句之间或段与段之间存在着下列10种语义连贯：列举、附加、比较、对比、让步、重复、结果、结论、时间和强调。表达这10种语义联系的衔接词也有10类：

　　·列举：for example，for instance，for one thin9，to illustrate，in particular,in general，significantly,frequently,occasionally

　　●递进：again，in addition，too，besides，furthermore，as well，next to

　　·比较：similarly,likewise，at the same time，in the same way

　　●对比：but，however,nevertheless，still，conversely,whereas，though，on the contrary,by contract，on the one hand.on the other hand

　　·让步(即转折)：doubtless，surely,granted that，although this may be true，no doubt，I concede，I admit

　　·解释：again，as has been pointed out，to repeat，in other words，as I have said above，once again，或者用代词it，that，the one，they,those等来避免重复

　　●因果：therefore，thus，hence，S0，consequentlN as a result，all in all，because

　　●结论：thus，finally,hence，in conclusion，to SHirt up，to summarize，to conclude，in short，in aword.

　　●时间：earlier,formerly,afterwards，later,presently,subsequentlN meanwhile，after a while，at last，at that time，in the mean time，in the past，until now

　　●强调：indeed，equally,chiefly,even more important

　　除此之外，还可通过重复关键词组来实现句与句之间或段与段之间的语义连贯。

　　考点三：推理题

　　常见判断推理题的提问方式有：

　　It can be inferred from the text/paragraph that__________.

　　What is implied in the paragraph one?

　　The primary purpose of the passage is to __________.

　　It may be concluded from the passage that __________.

　　●The survey indicates that__________.

　　推理就是以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息。在阅读中，我们要善于利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思，要求进行推理的问题，在文中往往找不到直接答案。在职称英语考试中，推理题的正确选项往往与原文中的信息有或多或少的直接关系。

　　如果问题要求理解某句或某段的隐含意义，那么我们必须在文中找到所涉及的关键词语，仔细阅读一至两遍，吃透意思，并以此为根据，进行分析和推理。然后，再逐个考虑选择项，选出答案。

　　如果需要进行推理判断的内容涉及全文，则必须在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展过程的基础上，才能进行正确的推理判断。

　　考点四：词汇题

　　在阅读理解测试中必然考查对单词或词组意义的理解。阅读中的生词不是孤立的，而是与其上下文中的词、句乃至整个篇章，在意义上、结构上或逻辑上存在联系。这些联系便是我们推测词义的依据，通常简称为词的上下文线索(context clues)。所以，从根本上说，猜词题就是要求考生通过原文的已知线索，猜测出一些未知信息，而不是考查考生到底背了多少词汇。

　　常见猜词题的提问方式有：

　　The word...probably means __________.

　　The term...could be best replaced by __________.

　　The phrase...is closest in meaning to which of the following?

　　The word...probably refers to __________.

　　By... the author means __________.

　　as used in the passage, can be best described as ____________.

　　同其他类型的题目一样，猜词题也有一定的顺序和方法，请看下面的表格：

　　考点五：态度题

　　考查观点态度的提问方式有：

　　●What is the author’s attitude towards __________ .

　　●The author’s tone would be best described as __________ .